Ukrainian War of Independence Part 5: Reign of the Hetman

The German high command, losing patience with the intransigence of the Central Rada, has it overthrown and replaced by a new government under Hetman Pavlo Skoropadsky. However, as Germany's fortunes in the First World War began to wane, so too did the Hetman's control over Ukraine.

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Bibliography:

Doroshenko, Dmytro. A Survey of Ukrainian History. Trident Press Limited, 1975. 

Engelstein, Laura. Russia in Flames: War, Revolution, Civil War, 1917-1921. Oxford University Press, 2019. 

Hrushevsky, Mykhailo. A History of Ukraine. Archon Books, 1970

Hunczak, Taras. The Ukraine, 1917-1921: A Study in Revolution. Harvard University Press, 1977.

Maslakh, Serhii and Shakhrai, Vasyl. On the Current Situation in Ukraine. University of Michigan Press, 1970.

Plokhy, Serhii. The Gates of Europe: A History of Ukraine. Basic Books, 2021.

Reshetar, John. The Ukrainian Revolution, 1917-1920: A Study in Nationalism. Princeton University Press, 1952.

Cover Image: Leaders of the Ukrainian national movement in Kyiv’s Sofiivska Square during the Third All-Ukrainian Military Congress, November 1917.

Opening Theme: Symphony No. 9 in E minor, "From the New World", Op. 95, B. 178 by Antonín Dvořák.

Closing Theme: "Ukraine Has Not Yet Perished," Anthem of the Ukrainian People's Republic, 1917-1922.