In this episode Dr. Scott Irwin, Lawrence J. Norton chair of Agricultural Marketing, offers a history lesson and a very informative update on 45Z and the broader renewable fuels sector. He discusses why the changes in tax credits in the OBBB will be beneficial to ethanol producers but detrimental to SAF. He discusses why ethanol may have a brief resurgence and why hybrid cars are a bigger threat to ethanol than full electric vehicles in the next several years. We finish up with some discussion on carbon intensity scores and Scott discusses why indirect land use charges related to CI scores may make sense in theory but in practice is unfair.