Host Laura England welcomes Dr. Britt Wray, a researcher and storyteller focused on the mental health impacts of climate change. Dr. Wray, the director of the Circle program at Stanford Psychiatry, explores the intersection of climate science, psychology, and communication. Dr. Wray shares her journey navigating interdisciplinary fields, including conservation biology, science communication, and the ethics of synthetic biology. She highlights the importance of storytelling in climate communication, emphasizing the need to connect emotionally with audiences to inspire collective action. Dr. Wray also discusses her work with the Good Energy Project, which seeks to integrate climate narratives into Hollywood storytelling to raise awareness and reflect the pervasive impact of climate change on our lives.
Laura
Dr. Britt Wray is a groundbreaking researcher and storyteller, and a growing voice around the mental health effects of climate change. She's the director of Circle, community minded interventions for resilience, climate leadership, and emotional well-being at Stanford Psychiatry in the Stanford School of Medicine. Dr. Wray’s acclaimed book, Generation Dread, about finding purpose during the climate crisis is an honest, profoundly compelling exploration of our climate related stresses. Dr. Wray brilliantly weaves scientific research and evidence with personal lived experience to make the case for embracing our climate emotions, especially the difficult ones we'd prefer to ignore. She reveals how the very grief that pains us can also mobilize and transform us, and how emphasizing support and community will help us protect our planet and its inhabitants. She's the creator of the weekly climate newsletter, Gen Dread, about staying sane in the climate crisis. A highly in-demand speaker, she's given talks at TED and the World Economic Forum alongside the likes of Jane Goodall and Ban Ki-moon, a prolific science communicator. She has hosted several podcasts, radio and TV programs with the BBC, NPR, and CBC, and is an advisor to the Good Energy Project for Climate Storytelling and the Climate Mental Health Network. She has a PhD in Science communication from the University of Copenhagen, and has been recognized with numerous awards for her work. Britt is an incredible climate thinker and doer, and we're really thrilled to have a conversation with her today. Welcome, Britt.
Britt Wray
Hi Laura, thanks. So good to be with you.
Laura
We're so thrilled to have you here at App State and really enjoyed your conversation. Your talk last night on our campus. So I just shared your professional bio, and we'd love for you to fill in a little bit of the in-between spaces by telling us a little bit more about who you are as a person.
Britt Wray
Oh, sure. Well, thank you so much for having me. And who I am as a person. Well, I would say I am a bit of an interdisciplinary beast. It has always been hard to explain what I do and how I got there, because it was not at all a linear path. And so while my early days were spent in biology, studying conservation biology, learning about the sixth mass extinction in my studies, which is what really I think awoke me to feeling and not only thinking about the planetary health crisis that we’re in. My mind was lit ablaze by David Attenborough and his BBC nature documentaries when I was an undergrad biology student, and I realized that, oh wow, I can actually commit myself to sharing and weaving narratives about science and the natural world and sharing them with others in order to hopefully galvanize some interests from those who don't think of themselves as quote unquote science people. And I don't have to necessarily spend my life in the field or in the lab doing the the scientific exploration primarily. And that led me to get into radio and podcasting. And then I had many years working at public broadcasters like the Canadian Broadcasting Corporation, the BBC and so on. And, my big passion was science, documentary, science, storytelling. Somewhere along the way, I ended up going to art school, studying interdisciplinary collaborations between synthetic biologists and artists and designers, because I thought that it's really in the margins where different fields collide, that we get the most interesting questions that we can ask about how we push fields forward, and how we can silo ourselves in our society and not leave these hugely ethically contentious and societally profound questions that are coming out of science and technology. Don't leave that only to the scientists and technologists. Bring in the philosophers, the artists, the designers, people who can ask critical questions from different perspectives. And that, yeah, that really took over my life for a while. And, the kind of art science space because there was a whole new movement where synthetic biologists are basically biotechnologies using genetic engineering in new ways. I ended up writing a book about this quizzical, kind of troubling movement in synthetic biology called de-extinction, where they're trying to recreate extinct species using gene editing and cloning and back breeding techniques as some kind of fix to the biodiversity crisis, as though we could, resuscitate impoverished ecosystems by creating facsimiles of extinct species that humans had killed off with these flashy technologies, and then get them back into nature and fix those holes and improve ecosystem productivity. And that would be well and fine. And this is as you know, as an ecologist, the biodiversity crisis is marching on in a way that's really threatening human survival. we cannot exist without these intact ecosystems. With the greater web of life of many other species being able to carry out their roles. And yet it's kind of flying under the radar of public consciousness. People are very alarmed about the climate crisis, but hardly the biodiversity crisis in equal measure. And so one thing led to another. After that book, I ended up doing a PhD in science communication focusing on synthetic biology. And then and then I finished my PhD and I had a climate awakening. Which is how we come to, being here today. And and so you can see this meandering path of going in and out of different obsessions and fascinations around science and society and art. But essentially, I got to an age where my partner and I were talking very seriously about trying to get pregnant, and I was working as a science communicator, ingesting all kinds of scary reports and news, a firehose of bad news and scary headlines about, the quote unquote suicidal track that humanity is on, that it's a code red for humanity getting these words from, you know, the UN secretary general and so on because of the lack of effective climate action. And I just thought, wow, I can't rush into parenthood. Given the fact that I'm not seeing responsibility from our power holders on this issue. I'm seeing the scientists being ignored. How many more years can this go on? And it led to an outpouring of grief and an outrage at the situation. And I thought, oh, wow, this is a new form of distress coming from this really intimate question. And I'm sensitive and aware. And if this is happening to me, surely it's happening to other people as well, but in different ways. And we simply lack social norms for talking about this emerging ecological climate distress that's bubbling up. This was in 2017, 2018. And so I decided to do some research, for a book about emerging mental health challenges in the climate crisis and ways that we can cope constructively and help each other and build supportive community. What does mental health innovation look like in this time? And, how can we not only cope on a planet that is burning, but act and help each other, act and get some courage? And what can we learn from communities who have long lived under existential threat and found ways to to push on and widen their horizon of opportunity? So. So that was the Project Generation Dread, which ended up changing everything. Because then again, I find myself in my career following new questions because through the process of writing that book, I met so many people who basically said, yeah, okay, sure. We're psychiatrist psychologists, indigenous wisdom holders, activists, parents, non-parents. All of us recognize that the scope of psychic damage coming from the climate crisis is immense, and none of us are prepared in our institutions aren't prepared. So come join us, even though this isn't your background, and we'll figure it out together. One thing led to another. I ended up doing postdoctoral training at the med school at Stanford and London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine. And, now I'm in this emerging field with a bunch of others where we're trying to pioneer climate mental health as a new area of inquiry, fill in research gaps. So that we can co-create interventions that will help vulnerable communities who are who are really suffering with trauma from disasters, but also kind of a chronic sense of hopelessness that's rising out there. Climate distress, climate grief for real ecological losses that are baked in and forms of our identity and culture that are being destabilized with climate destabilization. So, my goodness! That was long. And, I hope it just gives a bit of a, a picture of how these are all little beads on a necklace that connect, even though it's it's a long trajectory of following ecological care, essentially, and being inspired by many people who came before, such as David Attenborough, to help tell stories in ways that are hopefully going to be culturally salient and connect to people's everyday lives. By going beyond the science and technology and getting into the heart of it.
Laura
I can really see the through line in the work that you've done, and the beauty and richness in life is in the meanders and I think your work is evidence of that. I can think of a lot of directions to go next. Maybe could you talk about the power of storytelling? You know, for me, the most compelling climate communicators or my favorite ones, and you are one of them, are people who are able to weave an evidence driven rhetorical argument with story and often personal story. you do that in your book and a lot of your public speaking. We've hosted some other climate communicators on this campus who also do that in powerful ways. During pandemic semesters, we had Doctor Ayanna Elizabeth Johnson as a virtual speaker. Our common reading program author who visited with us a couple of years ago was Elizabeth Rush, the fiction author. And, you know, I see some commonalities in that weaving among these leading climate communicators. So can you talk about the power of story? Why is it that we're so attuned to story and need that alongside these other more traditional forms of climate communication, focusing on the science, the policy, the tech?
Britt Wray
Yeah, absolutely. So as absorbers of stories, you know, those of us who consume them, take them in, the audience members, we need to feel connected to the stakes at hand. And we know, you know, there's lots of cognitive psychology. It's just really hard for us to pay attention and be emotionally moved when we're hearing about thousands of people and something happening to them, or millions of people. But if we hear about the one person for whom there was a risky situation and then some consequences from the fallout, we can really get involved with their emotional trajectory and feel their personal experience, something universal that we can tap into. And so we need to help, you know, just frame the complexity of these issues through vulnerable individual experiences that allow us to sink our teeth into it as a story consumer. And I was convinced from my background in public broadcasting and times at art school and so on, that vulnerability is a super connector. This is a magical device to be able to use to open people's hearts and to relate on a deeply human and authentic level, and that we all crave connection. We all crave love. We all crave healing for our pains and our sorrows and our heartbreaks. And, there are, you know, wisdom traditions, Buddhism, for instance, teaches that there are two inseparable truths about life. There is joy. Joy is part of our existence, but there is also suffering, and that is inescapable. And these are parts of our human condition that we are constantly trying to navigate, even though in a kind of toxic positivity culture, we're often in the dominant culture, only focusing on wanting to uphold and celebrate the joy. But we need to also gently embrace and share and help each other move through the suffering. And so we can only do that most productively when we are willing to be open and vulnerable and help people feel more alone and like they belong, and like they're not deviant for going through what they're going through. They're not alone. You know, the isolation is a fiction. And so story is this beautiful…narrative is this incredible space where we can be generous with those details of our own human experience, or that of others who have been so generous to share their story in detail, to a storyteller who can weave it into a book or a podcast or what have you, which helps to, bring us all under the same tent and provide some of that psychosocial support and just heart touching movement that allows us to be transformed and that allows us to see with new eyes. And it's really deadening, honestly, to read these nonfiction works that are super important but only laced with statistics and academic material that doesn't allow for moving beyond intellectualization. And we also know, like we've been trying to fix these massive problems for decades, you know, biodiversity and climate and so on. And we've been leading in our, in our fora for, you know, change making, policy making and so on at the UN and in our governments with these tactics that are just not paying off by leading with science, by leading with facts and policy and tech proposals and so on. And we also are, I think, quite foolish to leave out the fact that these are anthropogenic problems. They're caused by human behavior, and the behaviorists the people who understand why we behave the way that we do based on emotional impulses and so on. The psychologists are often missing from those decision making tables, and we need to bring in their wisdom, but also the wisdom of other kinds of cultural players who just help us feel things and how our feelings and thoughts are connected to our behavior. So we need the ritual performers and the artists and the wisdom holders and the people who help us get it on a gut and heart level. And we can all tell stories. And so that's a that's a device available to all of us to, to start tapping into that power to match with the very important evidence based formats that we need so that we can…we can do this in a way that is, in line with what our best measurements and metrics are telling us about what needs to be done. But it's not enough to just leave it to the science itself because it doesn't have that alchemy. Right? We can't leave it only to the intellect. but when we bring both the thinking and the feeling together, that's when the magic happens. And so, you know, I've never been inspired to join a movement because I felt like everything was going well. You know, distress is a powerful crucible through which we can move to reorient ourselves towards the world in new ways, to get strategic, to get courageous with one another. So we have to bring in that engine of feeling. And I think that we're seeing a renaissance around climate…on storytelling in Hollywood. We're going to start seeing a lot more productions, bringing climate into the backdrop of the frame, or being part of the conflict that's showing up in the characters' relationships in narrative fiction and nonfiction. And, and we're starting to get it right by doing that.
Laura
And that's so exciting. And you've been involved with Good Energy. Yes, I'm just, you know, on the surface level, aware of. Do you want to talk a little bit about what Good Energy is doing as it relates to amplifying climate in our pop culture stories?
Britt Wray
Absolutely. Yeah. So that's who I was thinking about when I mentioned Hollywood. So Good Energy is a nonprofit that has, been set up to address the problem that when they did a massive systematic analysis of all the scripts from TV and film over the last many years to see how often are they mentioning climate in any way, even renewable energy, windmills, anything related to the issue. And it was unbelievably, disappointingly small. Something like a point. Please don't quote me on this. I forget the exact statistic for something like point 5% of scripts are mentioning it at all.
Laura
Vanishingly small.
Britt Wray
And this is very troubling given that it's the number one threat to human health this century. And, it's a threat multiplier which is deepening all these other injustices that we're trying to work on and so on. And so how much can something matter if we're not talking about it in our cultural factories like Hollywood? These scripts allow people to enter windows of opportunity for thinking and feeling about things that matter. But if they're being ignored and people aren't being directed with their attention, then it just is a huge disservice to our ability to address them collectively. And so Good Energy does things like brings climate scientists and climate psychologists into writers rooms with script writers so that they can figure out how they can actually wrap their arms around this problem, and they can create compelling narrative and story worlds and characters and stakes that are rife and alive with the climate crisis, where it's not about making a topical film about only climate disasters and what it looks like. No, it's actually much more subtle than that. It's helping it breathe through the entire experience of the humans and the animals in these works so that it reflects our reality, because the climate is breathing through all of our lives as well. And we can start to normalize that experience and look for solutions and footholds when we see it reflected back. So it's about permeating our culture and new ways to start tackling it responsibly. But more than just responsibly in an emotionally gripping, entertaining and interesting way.
Laura
That's such important work. I'm excited to see what comes out of Hollywood in the coming years.
Britt Wray
Yeah, yeah, they're doing amazing work. And, you know, it's not just about this way of getting the climate experts into the rooms with Hollywood, but also, expanding the minds and educating, narratives, storytellers writ large because there's there's really a lot of fear that can go into talking about the subjects that people feel like, oh, I don't have the expertise or not, you know, studied up on climate. But this is for all of us. You know, all of us have psychology, right? And we can all embrace it from that perspective, because climate psychology is shared across all of our life worlds today. And it's about just normalizing and welcoming in and embracing this to be something that, you know, you don't need to pass a test in order to get involved in exploring it from your profession, especially not if you're a storyteller. So, yeah, watch out for a Good Energy Project. And they have an amazing website and they throw wonderful events and festivals and all kinds of good stuff.
Laura
Excellent. Thanks for sharing about that work in your book Generation Dread, Finding Purpose in an Age of Climate Anxiety, and in a lot of your other recent work, you're making the case that we should embrace difficult climate emotions rather than ignoring them or otherwise just turning away from them. Can you talk about what is good, what is beneficial about grief and fear…worry the other emotions that we might call negative, I would call difficult. What is good about embracing them?
Britt Wray
Yeah. Yeah. So we would really help ourselves out if we could step back from this positive psychology framing that tells us that we should give labels like positive and good to some emotions, and negative or bad to others, because hope and optimism are not inherently good. Sometimes, depending on the situation, they can be kind of perverse or embedded in wishful thinking or emotional immaturity to be propping those up only. And fear and worry are not inherently bad and grief, for instance. They can be signs of connection to reality and care for what's in harm's way and a mark of attachment and love for the world, because we can only grieve for what we love and so on. And really markers of compassion. And so rather than thinking positive, negative, we can think in terms of comfortable, uncomfortable in terms of how we feel them, but really give them a neutral value judgment and just recognize that emotions are moving through us at all times of the day, and they simply carry information, and that we can find ways of helping ourselves slow down enough to feel them and observe them within us, even the uncomfortable ones, such that we can eventually open ourselves to the insights that they have to share with us about what we care about most. And they can be guides helping us figure out what we should do next in order to follow up on that deep care. Love and awareness that might come from really a place of pain and heartbreak, right? So, we often will try to suppress the difficult emotions by, yeah, shaming ourselves if we feel them. Getting that inner emotional critic going saying, oh, I'm so weak, if I'm feeling anxiety or fear or depression and this is bad, and I best bottle it up and not express it. But actually when we look at what psychologists in their research and clinical practice teach us, it's that suppression and trying to stave off difficult emotions that paradoxically makes them stay around and haunt us, that then becomes a push pull that makes them grip us. And we fear that if we let them in, they will kind of become a gang of feelings that overrides us and takes over our life and clouds us in unhappiness. But rather, if we can learn to get curious about them and in a value neutral way, welcome them in like guests in our house, and actually name them and identify them. There's a saying, name it to tame it, right? That means that we have some spaciousness between the stimulus and our response, which means that we can then start to have a choice about how we're going to respond to these emotions. Because the emotions are not ever pathological. It's our response to the emotions that can sometimes be pathological and unhelpful. And so by training ourselves with this kind of mindfulness approach, we can then allow them to move through us and when we're welcoming of them, they move through us much faster. And then we can see what they want to teach us and then move on and integrate them in a more healthful way. So, it's important for our climate to stress whatever cadre of difficult emotions to be welcomed so that we can meet them head on, and then metabolize them and use them as that kind of energizing crucible so that we get galvanized by often what is a lot of grief and heartbreak for what we are losing. A lot of what we need to do right now is collective mourning about what we are allowing to be lost because we are not holding our leaders to account on this effectively enough for instance. We are not banding together, banding together in our communities effectively enough. When we are turning away from these difficult emotions and sidestepping them to focus on more comfortable things, it often means that we're also just simply not talking about the issues that are painful and that raise our anxiety sensor and that overwhelm us. When we can turn towards it, when we can build up that courage in the emotional engagement skills, then we can stay laser focused on the project in a long term way. Because, as is always said, it's not a sprint, it's a marathon. We need the emotional endurance skills to do it in a marathon like format, but even more so, it's not a marathon. It's a relay race, and we can pass the baton back and forth so that people can be at the front while we take care of ourselves and take a break from the urgency of all this work. And then we get back in the race and cycle through so that it's more emotionally sustainable. The last thought on that, I think it's this quotation that I always share, because I think it just says it all pretty succinctly from researchers writing in The Lancet. And that is that, recognizing that emotions are often what leads people to act, it's possible that feelings of ecological anxiety and grief, although uncomfortable, are actually the crucible through which humanity must pass to harness the energy and conviction that are needed for the life saving changes now required. And that kind of sums it up. It's a channel. Yeah.
Laura
With that in mind, you know, for faculty and staff who are listening, members of our campus community, recognizing that climate distress is pervasive among youth and often disruptive of day to day functioning, including maybe engagement with studies, we care a lot about student learning, of course, being on a university campus. Can you talk about suggestions you may have for the faculty and staff on our campus, and on others who are engaging with youth, talking about climate change in the classroom or otherwise, and how can we, contribute to all of us, but, you know, our students growing those skills of emotional resilience. And I'd love for you to, sort of touch on some of the headline results of that seminal global survey that you were a part of the research team for.
Britt Wray
Sure. So my colleagues and I surveyed 10,016 to 25 year olds in ten countries across the global South and North. So India, Nigeria, the Philippines, France, Brazil, Australia, the US, diverse places. And we found that 45% of young people globally report that their thoughts and feelings about the climate crisis are interfering with daily life tasks. So getting in the way of eating and sleeping and concentrating at times. And 75% of young people globally say that the future is frightening to them because of climate change, 56% said they feel humanity is doomed and 39% expressed hesitancy to have their own children one day because of these climate concerns. So that is an unbelievably heavy existential load connected to how young people are perceiving the climate crisis as this dark cloud over their futures. And who can blame them? Right? And these thoughts and feelings were also significantly associated with the sense of being betrayed by leaders and lied to by governments. So it also suggests that there could be massive relief if they were to see more effective, coordinated action. Right? However, this is something that deserves attention. Of course, if there's functional impairment showing up in your students and your learners because of extreme worry over the climate crisis, and people often will say, how do you know it's only the climate crisis? I mean, we're dealing with so many problems, systemic racism and economic issues and, you know, there's wars going on and so on and so forth. And that's very true with the pandemic. We see in some of the research that these worries do not all come from the same pool. That climate is in itself a salient concern, separate from often connected to these other poly crisis issues, and also that it is not the same as generalized anxiety disorder. So the way that we measure clinical anxiety, we have validated scales for that, and we now have validated scales for climate anxiety. And they do not superimpose and overlap. So you can have significant climate anxiety without having pre existing clinical anxiety. So that's really interesting. How do we how do we then address this. Well, what's coming out of climate aware therapy and the, the mental health workers who are helping people grapple with this? First and foremost, if we are trying to support a young person, we need to work on our own climate anxiety before we go into that room, because this is an existential threat which can really stir up a lot of fears and a kind of apocalyptic anxiety. If we get really deeply into what the science is telling us, right? And we can get overwhelmed by that if we're not equipped with the resilience building skills, if we're not attached to solutions and taking actions that help buoy us up. So we want to make sure that we are not going to go in there and accidentally trigger some unhelpful defenses within us because we are scared. That might make a young person feel unheard, misunderstood, like if we start to write off their thinking as catastrophic or suggest trying to dismiss it with a pill, or because this is not a mental illness, it's not a clinical diagnosis. And researchers and clinicians argue that it's reasonable, appropriate, and even healthy to feel some amount of distress about the climate crisis because we're talking about the destabilization of our life support systems. So, you need to come from a place of knowing how to ground yourself in your own climate awareness and feelings so that it's kind of that cliche about putting on your own oxygen mask before you help the kid next to you in a plane. So that's important because this is a collective trauma and we're in it together. It's not about some individualized problem within the young person themselves. And then on top of that, validating and bringing in that psychoeducation piece about how the experts are saying that this is not a mental disorder and how this is reasonable. Of course, there are times when they might need to be triaged towards other forms of support because it overlaps with pre-existing mental health challenges. And then you need a proper clinician to help you identify that. But most of the time, this is a kind of, you know, often subclinical distress, which can sometimes poke through and then become clinically relevant if it is impairing functioning in some way, showing up and messing up relationships or ability to get through the day. And then, there's a lot that needs to be done about, yes, helping connect young people to opportunities, to action so they can express some agency and feel less helpless in the situation. Like they're handcuffed here, like it's all powerless because that learned helplessness cycle begets more learned helplessness and is very damaging. And it can lead to narrative foreclosure of a sense of what's possible in the future….beliefs that the die is cast and there's nothing we can do. And that is not true. That is not what the science tells us. And when we're all able to enact some agency as tiny droplets, we we force and galvanize movement as a tidal wave of change. There's that node, of course. It's the deep interconnection between personal actions and collective action. So helping to bring that about so that we can really align their values with how they're showing up in the world is key. But that's not all. You can't externalize is distressing. Just get over it by taking action. You also need to bring in the emotional engagement support. So how do we help teach those mindfulness skills to be able to do that? You know, in the book I write a lot about internal activism, which is this term that comes from Caroline Hickman, who's a brilliant, climate aware psychotherapist who's worked with thousands of young people around the world on their climate anxiety. Because we need to grow up in the climate crisis to appreciate and feed ourselves with as much joy as possible to maintain our brightness of mind and our and our hope. But we also need to grow down and increase our tolerance for things like depression and anxiety and fear, so that as we move forward in this crisis, we become deeper human beings who can bear it all because we need to bear witness to suffering. We have more disasters coming right and knock on social strife and all kinds of modes of suffering that we need to be able to stretch our window of tolerance for that so that we don't lash out when we see it happen. And we can remain convicted and courageous to keep making mitigative changes to reduce the harm, even as damages pile up. So yeah, that's therapeutic skills. Maybe it's working with spiritual leaders. Maybe it's meditation and yoga. Maybe it's gratitude practices. You know, practicing good boundaries, in your life between urgent climate work and then taking restorative breaks for self-care. And that's because, and I love that quote from Audre Lorde, that self-care is not self-indulgence, it is self-preservation. And that is an act of political warfare. So we need to really notice our own nervous systems and where we're at so that we can fill our cups up enough that we can be with the difficulty of the situation. We need to restore ourselves and maintain our resilience. So it's about helping young people develop those skills and the awareness and the validation and the sense that they're not alone and connect to caring community who feel the same and have opportunities for taking action that's authentic to their interests. All those things at once are kind of swirling and that, that we do it together. But the long and short of it is, aside from, you know, all those things, you can simply create a space for young people to come together and talk frankly and openly about how they're feeling in the climate crisis and why that is, without this immediate impulse to push them to action more just a space to emotionally dwell and explore and know that they'll be validated and there's not going to be some attempt to dismiss or belittle their feelings or try to fix their emotional response. Because when they get that validation, what naturally comes is a lot of relief and then no longer feeling deviant for caring so much.
Laura
Well, Dr. Wray, your work is so important and so timely and so relevant to our campus community. We're so grateful to have you here and for this conversation this morning, and I look forward to following your future work. And it's applications to what we're trying to do here at App State University. Thank you so much for being here.
Britt Wray
Well, thank you so much. And congratulations on this amazing five year Pathways to Resilience project that you are now embarking on. And thank you so much for bringing in the emotional quotient from the get go. I think that's just so helpful and wonderful leadership that a lot of people can turn to.
Laura
Thanks for helping us do it.
Britt Wray
Oh, yeah. Thanks for having me.
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