Unexpected: God in the Book of Jonah

What can God do? How powerful is God? How much does God know? How does God interact with the created world?

What do we learn about God in the story of Jonah? Given that the entire purpose of the tale is to hold a mirror to Israel’s face to point out their hateful prejudice toward other human beings as a contradiction of God’s love for everyone, we might just simply say that God is graceful. That’s a good conclusion all the time. Love is the defining characteristic of God – a higher, deeper, broader, stronger love than we can imagine. God’s love forces us to grapple with some assumptions about God that appear in Jonah’s tale.

The story has God telling Jonah to go to Nineveh, but Jonah goes in the opposite direction, toward Tarshish. God then sends a storm to wreck the ship. The sailors repent, losing their cargo, and finally, reluctantly, cast Jonah overboard (a paradox: they were more reverent of the gods than Jonah). The storm immediately ceased. Jonah is rescued from the watery grave by a great fish who swallows him at God’s command.

After Jonah has the opportunity to write a lovely poem inside the pitch-black belly of the fish filled with all sorts of stomach acid and no oxygen – for three nights – God directs the huge dogfish to vomit Jonah out on shore. Dogfish are well known for vomiting not in the ocean, but onto dry land. Not really – this is yet another reminder of how purposely ridiculous this story is. God appealed yet again to Jonah to go to Nineveh, which he did.

After giving the worst sermon ever preached, the Ninevites repent, and God relents. Jonah, of course, gets pissed about God’s grace, focusing anger on a plant’s life and death (an act of God’s direction again) rather than the beauty of God’s grace and Nineveh’s salvation.

What is this story saying about the character and nature of God? God apparently can change the weather instantly, can call a large fish to find and swallow Jonah and somehow keep the fish’s intestinal track from killing him, and then causing him to vomit him up on queue onto dry land, break the plan to destroy an entire city, cause a plant to grow, call a worm into action, make the sun a little hotter so that the plant withers – all to teach Jonah a lesson. Yet somehow it was impossible to affect Jonah’s mind enough to do what was asked in the first place. The stakes were high, too. The sailors lost their cargo. The Ninevites’ lives were on the line – all hinging on Jonah. It sure seems that if God were all powerful, that would include the capacity to make Jonah do his bidding.

Of course, the book of Jonah is pure fiction and therefore perhaps we shouldn’t get too caught up in the details. Yet it remains a true story of human nature, and presents us the opportunity to wonder what kind of God the original audience believed in, and invites us to wonder what kind of God we believe in.

Maui lost Lahaina as hurricane-force winds fanned the flamed from one house and community to the next until nearly everything was wiped out. We know how wildfire works and know that such fires can cover the length of a football field in seconds. What stubborn Jonah was responsible for such destruction? Who failed to throw him to sea to avert disaster? And what kind of God would allow such destruction in the first place if God had the power to calm the wind at will? Without a doubt, unless you are emotionally dead there certainly must have been times in your life – maybe right now – when you wondered why God didn’t show up to answer your cry for help, to calm the winds of destruction, to stave off cancer or COVID, to keep the economy moving forward, to end racism in a snap, to eliminate slavery of all forms worldwide immediately, and to move the SF Giants into first place with a wide margin over the Dodgers somewhere toward the end of September (no need to be picky about the date so long as there’s no way the Dodgers can catch us – we can be reasonable, right?).

Recall that the Bible was written over centuries of time by a wide variety of authors living in very different cultures and contexts than our own. They lived in a primitive time when it was assumed that the gods controlled nearly everything. And yet in the Bible we see clear tension in God’s character – sometimes willing and able to do literally anything, and at other times not. At times it appears that everything was God’s plan, and at other times God changes God’s mind, even going back on God’s own word. This reminds us that we are people in process. Each age has the freedom and responsibility to do their best to understand who God is to the best of their ability. That’s where we are today. Jonah does not solve the problem. God is graceful (unless you were among the sailors or their customers or that big fish that got seasick or the plant or the worm that lost its meal and probably died in the blazing sun). How are we to think about all of this?

I’ve already mentioned that the Bible needs to be taken in context – we need to let it be what it is – a profoundly rich library from hundreds and hundreds of years of history, thousands of years before our time. Some new information has come out, however, that reminds us of something else that is related to the Bible: sometimes our struggle with a text is a problem of our traditional understanding being off from the start. Much of Western Christian theology was heavily influenced by a Western, Platonic based worldview. That’s a big problem, especially when considering Hebrew texts which are rooted in the Eastern tradition. We assume that the ancient writers thought about power the same way we do. They didn’t. They didn’t think about omnipotence the way we do. Further, no modern theologian or philosopher worth their salt believes that “God” truly has total power to do anything God wants to do – it simply doesn’t hold up to simple logic. The Jewish creation story does not have God creating out of nothing, either even though that has been drilled into our theologies by tradition.

Open and relational theology offers an alternative approach that is biblically supported, philosophically sensible, and rings true with our experience. Rather than God commanding or controlling anything, God works with and in creation to move toward deeper shalom for all. So, in the Jonah folktale, this would work out as God’s presence being one of multiple factors leading to a potential outcome. God doesn’t have full control, however, so long as there are other variables in play (and there always are). The interaction with Jonah is illustrative of this dynamic. God makes clear what he wants the prophet to do, yet Jonah does the opposite. God doesn’t override Jonah’s agency. Rather, as Jonah makes his decisions, God adjusts God’s moves like an ongoing chess game. God doesn’t know what will happen because it hasn’t happened yet. God is one (very significant but not controlling) character in the story. Jonah and all the others all have their play, too. What would have happened if the Ninevites refused to repent? Would God smite them? Or would God give them a pass since Jonah was so sucky?

We have decisions to make regarding the character and nature of God. If you prefer the traditional model where God is in control and in charge, you’re welcome to it. But the story of Jonah doesn’t fully validate that, does it? Neither does your lived experience or the history of humanity overall.