Episode 16: Stephen Billings on lead and crime

Stephen Billings talks about the long-term effects of early interventions for children exposed to lead.

"Life after Lead: Effects of Early Interventions for Children Exposed to Lead" by Stephen B. Billings and Kevin T. Schnepel.

OTHER RESEARCH WE DISCUSS IN THIS EPISODE:

• "Lead Wars: The politics of science and the fate of America's children" by Gerald Markowitz and David Rosner.

• "Lead exposure and behavior: Effects on antisocial and risky behavior among children and adolescents" by Jessica Wolpaw Reyes.

• "Environmental policy as social policy? The impact of childhood lead exposure on crime" by Jessica Wolpaw Reyes.

• "Do low levels of blood lead reduce children's future test scores?" by Anna Aizer, Janet Currie, Peter Simon, and Patrick Vivier.

• "Lead and juvenile delinquency: New evidence from linked birth, school, and juvenile detention records" by Anna Aizer and Janet Currie.

• "Toxic truth: Lead and fertility" by Karen Clay, Margarita Portnykh, and Edson Severnini.

• "Lead exposure and violent crime in the early Twentieth Century" by James J. Feigenbaum and Christopher Muller.

• "The social cost of leaded gasoline: Evidence from regulatory exemptions" by Alex Hollingsworth and Ivan Rudik.

• "Flight from urban blight: lead poisoning, crime and suburbanization" by Federico Curci and Federico Masera.

• Episode 1 of Probable Causation: Chloe Gibbs.