What happened at COP30? The key points on cutting emissions, adapting to a warming world, and raising the finance to pay for it

The COP30 climate talks in Belem wrapped up over the weekend, and reactions to the outcome were sharply divided. Simon Stiell, Executive Secretary of the UNFCCC, said “climate cooperation is still alive…we’re undeniably still in it and we are fighting back.” Others said the COP had been another failure, with a final statement that amounted to “a form of climate denial”.

To make sense of what really happened at COP30, and where the talks leave the global effort on climate change, host Ed Crooks is joined by three regular Energy Gang contributors who have been following the negotiations closely. Amy Harder is the national energy correspondent at the news service Axios, Lisa Jacobson is the president of the Business Council for Sustainable Energy, and Simon Evans is deputy editor of the website Carbon Brief. Together they discuss the arguments over COP30’s statement on fossil fuels, the rise of climate adaptation as a key priority, and hopes for increasing flows of capital to lower-income countries.

A pledge to triple adaptation finance for developing countries by 2035 is attracting a lot of scrutiny. Lower-income countries are pushing for clear plans for delivery, not just vague aspirations. What could those plans look like?

Another key issue is China’s complicated role in the energy transition. It is leading the way in manufacturing and deploying low-carbon energy technologies. But it is still adding coal-fired generation capacity at a rapid pace. Does it make sense to see China as a climate leader?

It is a complex picture. The world is still off track for the Paris Agreement’s climate goals, even after the latest round of country pledges on emissions, known as Nationally Determined Contributions. But solar, wind and storage are still on declining cost trends, and are making significant progress in many countries.

Finally, Ed speaks with Gianpiero Nacci, who’s Managing Director for Climate Strategy and Delivery at the European Bank for Reconstruction and Development, for a focused discussion on climate finance. Gianpiero explains why multilateral development banks such as the EBRD are being asked to do more, what makes adaptation harder to fund than mitigation, and what the new COP30 to COP31 roadmap means for climate finance, as focus shifts to next year’s meeting, which will be held in Turkey a year from now.

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