Emergency Department management of Non-St Segment Elevation Myocardial Infarction, by Drs Julianna Jung and Sharon Bord.
Chest pain is the second most common complaint Over 6.4 million visits to US EDs annually include chest pain. 25% will be diagnosed with ACS 1/3 will have STEMI, 2/3 NSTEMI.Guidelines reviewed include those from:
AHA/ACC ACEP European Society of Cardiology In addition to reviewing the primary literature each of them used as a basis for their recommendations.Show More v
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Part 1: Definitions Myocardial Infarction: elevated cardiac biomarkers (aka troponin) with clinical evidence of acute myocardial ischemia (aka signs and symptoms, ECG changes, abnormal imaging, or coronary thrombosis at cath or autopsy). Myocardial injury, unfortunately also can be abbreviated as MI, but not in our discussion. This term refers solely to cases where biomarker elevation is present without any other clinical evidence for ischemia.STEMI definition from the European Society of cardiology:
ST elevation >1mm in two or more contiguous leads other than V2-V3 ST elevation in V2-V3 > 2.5mm in med < 40 yrs old >2 mm in men > 40 yrs old >1.5mm in woman, regardless of age.MACE= Major Adverse Cardiovascular Event: including re-infarction, stroke, dysrhythmia, heart failure, cardiogenic shock, and death.
Part 2 : Why do we care? In-hospital mortality rates are about the same for STEMI and NSTEMI, about 10%. 1-year fatality rate in NSTEMI is more than double that of STEMI, at about 25% Part 3: Pathophysiology Type 1 MI (Infarction) is caused by atherosclerotic plaque rupture. Type 2 MI is the "mismatch" due to an imbalance in myocardial oxygen supply and demand. This can be the result of hypotension, tachycardia, sepsis, PE, etc. Part 4: Pre-hospital care Prehospital ECGs decrease time to intervention. (PCI) in STEMI Early administration of aspirin decreases mortality and complications of MI (all types). (19), and is safe in the pre-hospital setting (20) - only 45% of get it during EMS transport, so room for improvement here (21) Part 5: ED evaluation: Some of the interesting highlights History Diaphoresis Vomiting Radiation of pain to both arms or shoulders Radiation of pain to right shoulder Although teaching has been that women have atypical presentations, a 2016 study did not support it. However, it did find that elderly patients and those with diabetes may present atypically. (dyspnea, fatigue, nausea, or epigastric pain) Past Medical History Family and personal history of CAD Other medical diagnoses Tobacco use Illicit substance abuse Age (CAD prevalence in age80 is 25%) ** HIV - find citing 8. Grunfeld C, Delaney JA, Wanke C, et al. Preclinical atherosclerosis due to HIV infection: carotid intima-medial thickness measurements from the FRAM study. AIDS (London, England). 2009;23(14):1841–9. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar] 9. Holloway CJ, Ntusi N, Suttie J, et al. Comprehensive cardiac magnetic resonance imaging and spectroscopy reveal a high burden of myocardial disease in HIV patients. Circulation. 2013;128(8):814–22. [PubMed] [Google Scholar] ** Cancer with hx of radiation to the chest Exam Neurological neurologic deficit may point to aortic dissection Friction rub may be heard New murmur associated with papillary muscle rupture. Diagnostics Telemetry ECG. Patterns to know… Troponin... you should get it Scoring systems Heart Score Grace TIMI Imaging in the ED CXR CT angiography, CT PE, CCTA Echocardiography - POC or formal Part 6: Medications Oxygen (if satConversation- Airway Management
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