A Brief History of Dentistry and Oral Health, Part 2

As promised, part two covers dental chairs and amalgams, as well as support careers in dental medicine, and a bit about orthodontics. Research: Britannica, The Editors of Encyclopaedia. "Shamash". Encyclopedia Britannica, 4 Mar. 2020, https://www.britannica.com/topic/Shamash Hand, Greg. “IDA GRAY WAS A PIONEERING CINCINNATI DENTIST WHO EARNED NATIONAL FAME.” Cincinnati Magazine. Feb. 15, 2022. https://www.cincinnatimagazine.com/article/ida-gray-was-a-pioneering-cincinnati-dentist-who-earned-national-fame/ Hallmann-Mikołajczak A. Papirus Ebersa. Ksiega wiedzy medycznej egipcjan z XVI w P.N.E [Ebers Papyrus. The book of medical knowledge of the 16th century B.C. Egyptians]. Arch Hist Filoz Med. 2004;67(1):5-14. Polish. PMID: 15586450. Lorenzi, Rosella. “Bad teeth tormented ancient Egyptians.” NBC News. Dec. 3, 2009. https://www.nbcnews.com/id/wbna34258529 Faulkner, Raymond Oliver and Dorman, Peter F.. "Ramses II". Encyclopedia Britannica, 18 Mar. 2021, https://www.britannica.com/biography/Ramses-II-king-of-Egypt Jones, Colin. “Pulling Teeth in Eighteenth-Century Paris.” Past & Present, no. 166, 2000, pp. 100–45, http://www.jstor.org/stable/651296. Accessed 26 Apr. 2022. Forshaw, Roger. (2013). Hesyre: The First Recorded Physician and Dental Surgeon in History. Bulletin of the John Rylands Library. 89. 181-202. 10.7227/BJRL.89.S.10. PROSKAUER, CURT. “The Two Earliest Dentistry Woodcuts.” Journal of the History of Medicine and Allied Sciences, vol. 1, no. 1, 1946, pp. 71–86, http://www.jstor.org/stable/24619536 Riddell, William Renwick. “Teeth in Olden Times.” The Public Health Journal, vol. 16, no. 2, 1925, pp. 51–65, http://www.jstor.org/stable/41973265 “The Story of Flouridation.” National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research. https://www.nidcr.nih.gov/health-info/fluoride/the-story-of-fluoridation Jain, Shruti, and Hemant Jain. “Legendary Hero: Dr. G.V. Black (1836-1915).” Journal of clinical and diagnostic research : JCDR vol. 11,5 (2017): ZB01-ZB04. doi:10.7860/JCDR/2017/17462.9813 Peck, Sheldon. “A Biographical Portrait of Edward Hartley Angle, the First Specialist in Orthodontics, Part 1.” Angle Orthodontist, Vol 79, No 6, 2009. https://watermark.silverchair.com/021009-93_1.pdf Einhorn, Alfred. “ALKAMIN ESTERS OF PARA-AMNOEBENZOC ACID.” U.S. Patent Office. https://patentimages.storage.googleapis.com/3b/3d/29/66b6b947ec1e06/US812554.pdf Dummett, Clifton O. “A HISTORICAL PERSPECTIVE OF THIRTEEN UNHERALDED CONTRIBUTORS TO MEDICODENTAL PROGRESS.” JOURNAL OF THE NATIONAL MEDICAL ASSOCIATION, VOL. 81, NO. 3. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2571621/pdf/jnma00264-0103.pdf Montalbano, M.J., Sharma, A., Oskouian, R.J. et al. The ancient Syrian physician Archigenes and his contributions to neurology and neuroanatomy. Childs Nerv Syst 33, 1419–1420 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00381-016-3191-2 Etter, William M. Ph.D. “False Teeth.” George Washington’s Mount Vernon. https://www.mountvernon.org/library/digitalhistory/digital-encyclopedia/article/false-teeth/#:~:text=Contrary%20to%20later%20legend%2C%20none,to%20Washington's%20remaining%20real%20teeth. Hyson JM Jr. “History of the toothbrush.” Journal of the History of Dentistry. 2003 Jul;51(2):73-80. Wynbrandt, James. “The Excruciating History of Dentistry.”  St. Martin's Griffin. 2000. Reinberg, Steven. “Even Before Pandemic, One-Third of U.S. Adults Went Without Dental Care.” U.S. News and World Report. July 9, 2021. https://www.usnews.com/news/health-news/articles/2021-07-09/even-before-pandemic-one-third-of-us-adults-went-without-dental-care Sheridan, P G. “NIDR--40 years of research advances in dental health.” Public health reports (Washington, D.C. : 1974) vol. 103,5 (1988): 493-9. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/3140276/#:~:text=The%20National%20Institute%20of%20Dental,training%20to%20improve%20oral%20health. “Law Regulating the Practice of Dentistry in Alabama.” https://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/81bf/51ebbc6c544da12b436c1154eb62ebeaa488.pdf “Josiah Flagg, Surgeon Dentist.” Massachusetts Historical Society. https://www.masshist.org/database/177 “Jan Steen – The Tooth-puller.” Mauritshuis. https://www.mauritshuis.nl/en/our-collection/artworks/165-the-tooth-puller/ “Alfred Einhorn.” National Inventors Hall of Fame. https://www.invent.org/inductees/alfred-einhorn Strack, Joseph Gordon. “Rx for Living: Dr. H.T. Dean – Public Health Officer.” TIC. January 1950. http://www.nobilium.com/skin/frontend/ultimo/default/pdf/tic1950jan_small.pdf Gallagher, Jennifer E. and Lynn Hutchinson. “Analysis of human resources for oral health globally: inequitable distribution.” International Dental Journal. Volume 68, Issue 3. 2018. Pages 183-189. https://doi.org/10.1111/idj.12349. “Oral health.” World Health Organization. March 15, 2022. https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/oral-health ADA Library/Archives staff. “HISTORY OF DENTISTRY TIMELINE.” ARCHIVES OF THE AMERICAN DENTAL ASSOCIATION. https://www.mouthhealthy.org/~/media/ADA/Education%20and%20Careers/Files/dental_history.pdf See omnystudio.com/listener for privacy information.