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雪球·财经有深度

雪球·财经有深度

Business:Investing

1981.对消费行业的一点简单看法

1981.对消费行业的一点简单看法

2022-12-08
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欢迎收听雪球和喜马拉雅联合出品的财经有深度,雪球,国内领先的集投资交流交易一体的综合财富管理平台,聪明的投资者都在这里。听众朋友们大家好,我是主播匪石-34,今天分享的内容叫对消费行业的一点简单看法,来自投基联盟。


现在虽然已经脱离了消费行业,做的工作和消费也没有任何关联,但是毕竟从大学毕业后,就在不同的企业工作,前前后后差不多六年时间,而且大部分时间也基本都是在一线,全国大部分省份都去过,走过的终端门店应该也有几千家了吧。


估计因为以前的职业习惯,现在出门最喜欢做的,就是逛商圈,分析门店的经营情况。对于线下的终端门店,还是有一点感觉,对于一个门店能不能活下来的判断,准确率基本可以做到80%左右。


虽然不是什么消费行业大牛,但也多少还是有点心得体会吧。


如果说,要判断一个行业或者企业行不行,其实没有那么的复杂,也没有那么的高深,个人认为只要看一个公式就够了:单价X次数=营收。


一般情况下,对某一个产品来说,只要价格一经确定,就不会怎么变动,要提价更是难上加上,而且长期来看,变化趋势并不是向上,反而是向下的。当然,所谓的消费升级,其实是开发品质更高端的产品,但是成功的并不多,更多的是失败的案例。


对老产品的提价,是很困难的一件事情,甚至很可能会带来灾难性的后果,弄不好的话,原来的市场份额都会被竞争对手给吃掉,导致提价的效果被销量下滑给对冲掉。


因此,现在企业的市场行为,都是围绕提高购买次数而展开的。实际上,购买次数还可以再分为购买人数和复购率两方面。


一般来说,复购率其实是由产品的特性决定的,比如说,我们日常生活中使用的酱油或者食盐,大部分人的口味变化都是不大的,口味重的可能就半个月一包盐,口味清淡的可能就一个月一包盐,购买的次数相对来说是固定的。


由于大家对于某一类产品的复购率基本是差不多的,一般情况下不会出现太大的变化,但是因为市场上同时存在着很多不同品牌的产品,最后买那个品牌确实不一定的,这会受到很多因素的影响,其中心智和易得性,是最为关键的两大因素。


心智是现在非常流行的说法,其实就是根植在大脑中的一个辨识度,这是很多因素最终作用后的结果,而且需要很长很长时间才能够积累起来,毕竟要让一个人接受一个新事物并不容易,要被植入大脑中那更是难上加难,可能需要几十年的努力和经验,持续不断的广告和公关活动,是最为常见。为了维持住这种形象或者定位,企业会花费大量的费用,比如说飞鹤就是非常典型的,电视上、楼梯广告狂轰乱炸。


另外,易得性也是很关键的,因为消费者想起来要买某种东西的时候,去超市或者小卖部购买,但是缺货的话,这个单就流失掉了。所以为了提高易得性,企业会在自己的能力范围内,尽量多的占据终端,但是这要比做广告更难,因为其中涉及到很多很多的因素,链条非常的长,而且管理难度会随着数量的增加,而呈现出几何级倍数的增加。


为了抢占更过的终端,有的企业采用自建渠道的方式,比如说一鸣,就是自己建立线下门店,这有利于管控,但是发展速度会相对比较慢,因为是一个重资产,需要投入大量的资金和人力。另外,有的企业采用面向B端批发,可以借助经销商的资金和人员,去抢线下的终端,优势就是速度会非常的快,但是劣势也很明显,就是中控力度是比较弱的,而且在行业下行期的时候,很容易被抛弃。


以上仅仅是一些基本的概念和常识,可以用来判断一个企业的商业模式,或者是发展阶段,非常的好用。


如果要判断某一个消费行业或者企业,在当下或者未来的状况的话,其实只要分析购买次数和单价就够了,基本可以做出一个大概的定性。比如说,最近几年一鸣业绩为啥不行,主要是因为封控,消费者去门店消费次数少了,无论是复购率还是购买人数都大幅下滑,所以业绩自然也就不好了。另外,就是新开拓的几个城市,市场还没有做起来,当地的接受度并不是很高。


另外,就是飞鹤目前的困局,主要是因为购买人数下降,这又是因为最近一两年生育率下滑,导致需求下降。此外,像伊利、君乐宝等厂商增加了投入,加大了广告宣传和终端门店的建设,抢去了不少的客源,行业竞争格局出现了恶化。


对于泡泡玛特来说,由于产品不是必须性的,而且容易受到周边人的影响,目前因为新鲜度下降,出现了购买人数和复购率下降,这是比较严重的事情,虽然说不断的开新店和开发产品,对冲了一部分不利影响,但是依然无法改变这种颓势,再加上线下封控的原因。这就是为啥在去年12月的时候,判断今年泡泡的业绩会下滑。



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