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雪球·财经有深度

雪球·财经有深度

Business:Investing

2123.产业趋势投资中,如何赚“认知差”的钱?

2123.产业趋势投资中,如何赚“认知差”的钱?

2023-04-29
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欢迎收听雪球和喜马拉雅联合出品的财经有深度,雪球,国内领先的集投资交流交易一体的综合财富管理平台,聪明的投资者都在这里。听众朋友们大家好,我是主播匪石-34,今天分享的内容叫产业趋势投资中,如何赚“认知差”的钱?来自思想钢印9999。


产业趋势投资与巴菲特式的传统价值投资,在理念上有很大的冲突。特别是产业趋势投资的早期,跟所谓主题炒作没有太大的区别,后面产业真的能起来,有产品有订单有业务有收入,就是产业趋势,如果商业化的某个阶段遇阻,则停留在主题炒作的阶段。


这就造成了盈利来源的不同,长线价值投资,赚的大部分是企业长期成长的钱,而产业趋势投资的收益来源于中小企业趁一波产业趋势变成新的产业巨头。


所以在前期,企业创造的价值还没有在产品、业务及利润上体现出来时,你赚的大部分是别人亏的钱和卖飞了的钱,这个赚钱的过程偏博弈,也和主题炒作很像,赚的钱可以分为三类:赚“认知差”的钱;赚“执行差”的钱和赚“体系差”的钱。


本文主要分析第一类——“认知差”的钱是怎么赚的。希望跳出传统投资理论的框架,引入进化论、行为经济学、信息论等多个科学的理论,重新审视我们的投资理念与方法论。


“认知差”的基础是新信息,不同信息产生的认知又是不同的,投资需要寻找价值最大的信息,这就涉及到产业趋势投资面对的第一个问题——信息是什么?


多亏有20世纪最伟大的科学家之一,信息论的发明者香农,给了信息一个物理学的定义:信息就是消除不确定性的东西。


比如说,你被一条选择题难住了,此时,有同学直接告诉你,他选的是A,而老师只是告诉你,C是不对的——谁给的信息量大?


答案是,后者才是一个有信息量的信息,因为它消除了一部分不确定性;而同学说他选了A,没有给你消除任何不确定性,所以信息量为0。


这个定义对于投资而言,意义重大。投资是一个充满了不确定性、又需要消除不确定性的领域,而股价的涨跌运动,代表的正是不确定性的消除,驱动力正是信息量。


一家公司在财报之前的草根调研显示收入增长30%,但到底有没有30%,有一部分的不确定性,所以,市场给出的股价上涨幅度只会对应20%的业绩增长,即一部分不确定性的折价,直到财报发布,业绩果然增长30%,这个信息让不确定性消除,市场才会把剩下的涨幅给涨完。


某家公司,你觉得市场定价太贵,很有可能是有人掌握了你不知道的信息,你和市场的估值差,原因就是“信息差”。


如果市场绝大部分都是你这样不知情的投资者,那么,股价和真实内在价值之间,就还有一段“信息差”,驱动未来的股价上涨。这就是很多看似高估的股票,股价业绩兑现前还会继续上涨的原因。


完全市场理论之所以只在理论上正确,实际上并不存在,正因为市场有大量只有极少数人才掌握或认知的信息。

基本面是驱动股价的根本原因,但基本面不会直接把股价推上去,人的买卖是股价涨跌的直接原因,但人不会无理由的买卖,信息之所以在投资中很重要,因为它是基本面在投资者脑中的神经信号,是一个有单位的物理量。


基本面(变化)→信息(消除不确定)→投资者(买卖)→股价(涨跌)


香农信息论的贡献在于,信息不再是虚无飘渺的文科词汇,而是像时间、质量、压力、电流一样可以量化的单位。


为什么信息可以被计量呢?因为信息消除不确定性的作用,相当于物理学中的“熵减”。


信息熵则是信息论中最基本的一个概念,是香农从热力学第二定理中“借用”的概念,两者有一些相似,熵在热力学中表示封闭系统的无序程度,信息熵专门用于描述系统的不确定程度,是消除不确定性所需信息量的度量。


薛定谔所说的“生命以负熵为食”,既是指物理学上的熵,也指信息熵,生命体要消耗能量感知外界的信息,消耗能量来采取恰当的反应,才能维护自身的低熵体。


所以获取信息,总要消耗能量,即付出成本,那么投资中,只要你获取信息的成本,低于消除不确定性带来的收益,这就是一个可持续的投资过程。


学过信息论的朋友可能发现,信息熵的计算和投资中的期望收益计算的方法相似,正是因为它们是一组原因和结果。所以,从信息的角度,可持续盈利的投资方法一定要符合下面两个特征:

1、降低获取信息的成本

2、寻找对应信息量更大即可以消除的不确定性更大的投资机会



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