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雪球·财经有深度

雪球·财经有深度

Business:Investing

2144. “黄金时代”结束后的价值投资

2144. “黄金时代”结束后的价值投资

2023-05-20
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欢迎收听雪球和喜马拉雅联合出品的财经有深度,雪球,国内领先的集投资交流交易一体的综合财富管理平台,聪明的投资者都在这里。听众朋友们大家好,我是主播匪石-34,今天分享的内容叫“黄金时代”结束后的价值投资,来自非完全进化体。


芒格说:“我和巴菲特是特殊时期的产物,投资的黄金时代已经结束。”


全球经济较高速度增长的时期已经过去,这一点不难理解。同样重要的是:价值投资需要我们寻找到企业护城河。而商业的发展方向是不断变得更加成熟、高效,包括投资行为本身。这在本质上是对立的。


在这个时代的当下,商业效率已经进入到一个非常高效的阶段,尤其是在中国。同步于这一过程,大多数商品的渗透也已趋近于成熟。即便对于一些新兴的品类,基于高效的商业基础设施,竞争也会迅速趋于白热化。


当前复杂的内外部环境,也进一步压制着本已不快的经济增速。主要源于国际冲突与对立,正在破坏原有全球化商业体系,大量经济资源正在被用于供应链体系的重构以及维护政局稳定。在较长时期内,阵痛都会持续,全球经济增速亦将放缓。


这也导致原先仍能够伴随经济增长而持续增长产业,以可选/耐用/住房消费/互联网平台及上述领域的产业链为代表,增速直接降档。叠加高效商业下竞争的加剧,大多数产业遭受着增长与竞争的双重压力。


可以说,支撑过去二十年大多数长牛股的逻辑都没那么坚挺了。相比之下,疫情也只是恰好发生在这一阶段的催化剂。没有疫情,一切只是来得慢一些、晚一些。过去十几年只要投资行业龙头或头部品牌消费公司大概率就能实现满意回报的时代也已经过去。


投资这门生意也已变得极度高效或内卷。致使为数不多的优秀公司也被充分定价。当然,这不影响将零合市场博弈作为投资策略或基金商业模式的资金继续大行其道。事实上,这种类型的博弈也一样变得极度内卷。


都是股票的买与卖,本质上这是两种完全截然不同的行为。正常工作收入低了,就应该参与零和博弈吗?对于理性的人,答案不言自明。


投资是参与、分享企业价值创造的过程。长期分散投资于一批公司治理良好的优秀企业,仍能够获接近于经济增速+通货膨胀的收益。而在此之上的超额收益,正如前文所述,一定是变难了。这可能也是近一年多市场选择去追捧资源、公用事业、高分红、低估值垄断央企类公司的原因之一。


不过老巴也说了:“价值投资的机会来自于市场愚蠢的行为”。这是能够保有理性投资者可以获取的投资红利。然而在时间上,它的发生又是不确定的。


有部分投资者或许会问,经济增量少了可以做逆向投资啊。——即便普通投资者都能想到这一点,有什么理由认为逆向投资不会变得更加内卷或更难?事实上,只有当我们对一家企业的认知更加深入时,才能更好地保有常识、克服恐惧,进行逆向投资。这也是我一直强调的:对于价值投资而言,社会与商业的认知是核心,策略运用只是自然结果。


再回到寻找优秀成长企业的投资重心:


(1)在高效商业时代仍然会有一些护城河依然完好的幸存者。他们的护城河与商业效率的提升无关或影响较小,比如根植历史与社会的文化属性或者需要长期才能建立的良好信誉与品牌。还有一些生意模式在可见时期内很难有大的改变,比如线下属性与服务属性较重一些生意,仍可发挥其供应链与渠道优势。


(2)还有很多生意,商业模式与产品、服务具有一定复杂度与差异性,一些公司基于优异的企业文化,建立护城河,不断拉开与竞争对手之间的差距。优秀的企业文化成为了高效商业时代的最为核心的竞争优势。比如说,在电子产品的一些领域,传承段永平企业文化的公司很多都做到了行业领先与长期屹立不败。除非是产品本身被革新了。对于伯克希尔公司,我们也可以将它的竞争优势归结为企业文化,而并非投资上的专业能力。


要想回答企业文化是如何发挥其作用的,竞争对手为何难以模仿,这些都考验着投资者对商业与人性更深层次的认知。基于个人的认知与经验总结,列举一些核心的判断标准:是长期主义还是短期利益驱动,是专注主业还是盲目多元,是专注于提升客户价值还是一味追求利润、是与员工/上下游/股东共赢还是利己,是能够积极应对变化或是官僚迟缓,这些企业文化上的差异会带来长期经营结果上的巨大差异,并铸就护城河。


这两点将是未来我们或价值投资者投资的重点。很明显,寻找到(2)的难度要比(1)大得多,从市场有效性而言,长期投资于(1)可以帮助我们回避大的商业风险,获得不错的回报。(2)能够帮我们在长周期内获得显著超越市场的投资收益。


能同时具备优秀商业模式与企业文化的公司并不多,识别起来也不容易,很多显而易见的优秀公司也已步入成熟期。好的一面是,对于10年维度的投资周期,这样的企业找到2-3家就足已足够。


在全球范围内,中国仍属于增长相对较快,并且“水大鱼大”的市场。以投资股票就是投资公司的心态,找到同时具备优秀商业模式与优秀企业文化,仍具备长期成长空间的公司。在告别黄金时代之后,价值投资者仍大有可为。



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