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这病说来话长

这病说来话长

Health & Fitness

VOL.97呼吸科|今冬流感、肺炎这么“猛”?我咋整?|儿童支原体肺炎总不好?有后遗症吗?

VOL.97呼吸科|今冬流感、肺炎这么“猛”?我咋整?|儿童支原体肺炎总不好?有后遗症吗?

2024-01-21
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流感、肺炎;儿童支原体肺炎防治提示

最近周围感冒发烧、呼吸系统出问题的朋友陆陆续续出现,马上就要过年了,大家说流感是躲不开的“必修课”。那么在这堂课里我们知道普通感冒和流行感冒有什么区别吗?咳嗽有痰一定是肺炎吗?肺炎一定咳嗽吗?“白肺”可怕吗?这期节目请到上海交通大学医学院附属瑞金医院呼吸科张宇涵老师和大家聊聊流感、肺炎的问题。虽然不能治病,至少希望给大家一个方向,或者是放下焦虑情绪的一个参考。

嘉宾介绍社交媒体

听友群请加微信:cheeseradio

合作事宜请加微信:tuenen87

阿汤小红书视频播客:汤瀚森|阿汤

嘉宾张宇涵小红书:Dahan

时间轴

02:35 哪些疾病需要挂呼吸科?(呼吸科看诊方向)

05:55 常说的上呼吸道感染指的都是哪些问题?“下呼吸道”指哪里?

07:19 普通的感冒和流行性感冒是细菌感冒和病毒感冒的区别吗?

08:38 为什么今年打了流感疫苗还不管用?

09:39 鼻病毒、腺病毒、冠状病毒、呼吸道合胞病毒都各自有什么样的特点?

12:16 肺炎和肺感染有什么区别?

15:02 肺炎一定都会咳嗽吗?

16:31 咳嗽有痰一定是有炎症吗?

17:44 痰和鼻涕是一种东西吗?

18:48 绿色痰液究竟是什么?

19:31 总咳嗽会引发变异性哮喘么?

22:26 “白肺”究竟是个什么?可逆么?

24:36 支气管炎一定比气管炎严重么?

26:03 上呼吸道感染是不是会引起的气管、支气管炎和肺炎?

26:41 支原体肺炎有哪些发病特点?

27:29 为什么支原体肺炎儿童感染较多?大人没有吗?

28:35 孩子感冒发烧肺炎一定要去儿童医院吗?

29:24 支原体肺炎会不会有什么并发症和后遗症?

31:19 肺炎支原体没有细胞壁,青霉素和头孢对肺炎支原体完全无效?

32:36 需要给孩子开点进口的、劲儿大的“好药”吗?

34:21 肺炎支原体感染有没有预防手段?

👆气管和主支气管; 👇支气管和肺内气道

👆肺(原位):前面观;👇肺:内侧面观

拓展阅读

支原体(mycoplasma)是介于细菌和病毒之间的一类没有细胞壁、高度多形性、能通过滤菌器、可用人工培养基培养增殖的、能独立生活的最小原核细胞型微生物,分类学上归属于柔膜体纲,大小为0.1~0.3微米。由于能形成丝状与分枝形状,故称为支原体。支原体一般不侵入机体组织和血液,但可通过黏附作用与宿主细胞结合,从细胞膜获取脂质,使细胞膜损伤。由于支原体缺乏细胞壁结构,像是没有穿“外套”的细菌,对抑制细胞壁合成的β-内酰胺类抗生素如青霉素和头孢菌素类等不敏感,所以,它有时被称为“非典型”细菌。

感染肺炎支原体后不一定会引起肺炎,只有肺炎支原体侵入人类的下呼吸道,才可能出现支原体肺炎。根据国家卫生健康委发布的《儿童肺炎支原体肺炎诊疗指南(2023年版)》,肺炎支原体肺炎(MPP)是我国5岁及以上儿童最主要的社区获得性肺炎(CAP),指肺炎支原体(MP)感染引起的肺部炎症,可以累及支气管、细支气管、肺泡和肺间质。

肺炎支原体主要通过呼吸道传播,在咳嗽、打喷嚏、流鼻涕时的分泌物中均可携带病原体,通过近距离接触或者形成气溶胶形式传播,健康人吸入患者咳嗽、打喷嚏时喷出口、鼻的分泌物可引起感染。肺炎支原体感染患者和无症状感染者是主要传染源,潜伏期1~3周;潜伏期内至症状缓解数周均有传染性。肺炎支原体感染具有自限性,导致重症、危重症比例很低,其中成年人感染后症状较轻。儿童的免疫系统尚未健全,相比成年人感染后症状较重。

肺炎支原体引起呼吸道感染的临床表现多样,包括鼻咽炎、扁桃体炎、气管支气管炎和肺炎等。大多数情况下,感染后没有任何症状或只有轻微的咳嗽、发热、咽痛等上呼吸道感染症状,具有自限性。少部分患儿会发展为肺炎[1]。

闭塞性支气管炎是由感染或其他因素导致的含软骨气道闭塞,同时伴有气管、支气管内膜炎症的一种疾病。目前研究提示导致闭塞性支气管炎发生的高危因素为肺炎支原体感染,常见的临床表现有咳嗽、喘息、气促、呼吸困难、肺不张[2,3,4],而闭塞性细支气管炎是直径2mm以下细支气管和肺泡小管受累闭塞导致的以持续咳嗽、喘息为临床特点的一种疾病,二者临床症状有很多相似之处,早期鉴别有一定难度[5]。

参考文献

[1]王志华. 认识支原体和支原体肺炎[J]. 家庭医学(下半月), 2023, (12): 7-9.

[2]林晓彦,黄先玫.闭塞性支气管炎1例[J].浙江实用医学,2012,17(5):387-388.

[3]韩青,史彧,李红霞,等.儿童闭塞性支气管炎合并闭塞性细文气管炎伴机化性肺炎一例并文献复习[J].中华儿科杂志,2016,54(7):523-526.

[4]刘君辉,孟繁峥,张俐,等.儿童闭塞性支气管炎16例临床分析[J].中国实验诊断学,2016,20(2):238-239.

[5]刘初, 代继宏, 耿刚, 付文龙, 刘铮, 李莹, 杨婷, 闫莉. 闭塞性支气管炎与闭塞性细支气管炎临床特征对比分析[J]. 中国实用儿科杂志, 2023, 38 (06): 470-476.

*声明

本播客的内容仅代表个人观点,并不代表任何单位、供职机构等的立场,也不构成任何形式的医疗意见或建议等。本内容仅供健康科普使用,不能作为诊断、治疗的依据,请谨慎参考。未经本播客的授权,不得转载或使用播客节目中的任何内容。

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