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雪球·财经有深度

雪球·财经有深度

Business:Investing

2446.美债危机对于资产配置的启发

2446.美债危机对于资产配置的启发

2024-03-17
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欢迎收听雪球和喜马拉雅联合出品的财经有深度雪球国内领先的集投资交流交易一体的综合财富管理平台,聪明的投资者都在这里。听众朋友们大家好我是主播匪石,今天分享的内容叫做美债危机对于资产配置的启发,来自贫民窟的大富翁。

美东时间3月7日,美联储主席鲍威尔在国会发表证词演讲,重申到,今年某个时候开始降息可能是合适之举,但现在还没有准备就绪。而截止2024年3月8日,美国一年期国债收益率为4.945%,5年期国债收益率为4.084%,10年期国债收益率为4.092%。显然,美国国债收益率降低了,而且出现了明显的利率倒挂,这是不正常且不可持续的。

短期利率越高越危险,因为市场几乎不可能提供这样的大规模投资收益率,债务螺旋后继无力。另外,当长期利率低于短期利率的时候,人们就不会倾向于减少长期投资,而且把钱存入货币基金等现金类资产中,减少消费。消费减少,供给过剩,价格下跌,企业的经营利润越低,越难以偿还债务,为了削减开支,又得裁员,居民收入下降,这就陷入了一个循环,经济就会陷入衰退。

高利率背景下,美国经济不可能健康发展。假如美联储坚持加息,不降息扩表,那么美国金融危机可能会在未来一年内爆发。说到底,美国这一轮通胀固然有货币超发的影响,但更多的是美国拒绝了来自中国物美价廉的商品,进行逆全球化,降低了整个经济体的效率导致的,所以加息并不能从根本上解决通胀。到今天美国的通胀依然严重,但我相信美国这一轮加息周期接近尾声,降息成为必然选择,区别是什么时候降息,降息多少。

站在这个时间点,美国经济的两难选择会成为我们一个重大资产配置的窗口期。首先我们要有一个基本共识,美国国债是基于美国的国家信用来发行的,所以一般具备较高的信用评级,被认为是全球范围内的低风险资产之一,我们认为美国政府是有能力、有信用还本付息的。

其次我们需要了解一点债券的基本知识:票面利率和实际利率。举个例子来看,假定一张债券面值是100元,约定每年支付利息5元,这个时候算出来的利率是5%,这就是票面利率。但是在实际交易中,债券不一定是按照面值交易的,比如现在我用200元买下这张债券,我持有一年后,可以得到利息5元,我实际的利率是5除以200=2.5%,这个叫做实际利率。

在债券市场存在一个基本的规律,利率越低,债券的价格越高,两者成负相关。作为一种债券,美债可能的收益来源主要分成两个部分:票息回报和资本利得。简单来说,票息回报就是买入美债并持有可能获得的利息。资本利得指的是持有债券期间,债券价格的涨跌带来的赚差价的机会。很显然,债券的剩余期限越长,对利率变化越敏感。

现在美国货币政策即将转向,我们应该怎么办?答案是买美债,尤其是剩余期限比较长的美债。经过2022-2023年的加息周期后,美债收益率来到整整16年的历史高位,也就是说,上一次美债达到这个收益率水平,还是在2007年。就算傻傻持有,每年吃利息,到期后扔给美国财政部,让他们赎回,收益率也很不错了。

至于很多人担心的汇率风险,我觉得不是事,如果人民币升值太快,不利于我们出口,如果贬值太高,不利于人民币资产稳定,对我们进口和人民币国际化是重大打击,所以我认为未来相当长时间内人民币对美元的汇率会稳定在一个区间内震荡。但一定要做好最坏的打算:资金在香港或者海外有可能需要呆到下一个货币周期,这才能对冲掉汇率风险。还有一个不可忽视的风险,也是我对很多到香港买保险的人反复强调的,如果美债可以提供4%的利率回报,但是通胀率是3%,那么真实的购买力增值只有1%。

综上所述,这个世界上并不存在可以稳赚不赔的投资,有的只是对风险和收益的全面衡量,选择最适合自己的资产、投资方式和投资久期。我的判断是在美国利率下行周期,拿出一部分资产配置美国长期国债,赚一个周期的钱,做投机,实在是很不错。事实上,美国的20年期国债在底部已经走稳,出现了小幅度反弹。从历史经验和现实考量看,美国的利率可能在高位继续盘整,降息时间更长,幅度更低,但是方向已经是确定性的,而且一旦利率掉头,市场会根据预期直接在债券价格上体现。更何况,因为美债安全性足够高,利率也在高位,专业做债的工具还有用三倍杠杆的,这样一个周期走下来,收益率不会低。



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