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雪球·财经有深度

雪球·财经有深度

Business:Investing

2438.浅谈银行不良率和净息差之间的关系

2438.浅谈银行不良率和净息差之间的关系

2024-03-09
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欢迎收听雪球和喜马拉雅联合出品的财经有深度雪球国内领先的集投资交流交易一体的综合财富管理平台,聪明的投资者都在这里。听众朋友们大家好我是主播匪石,今天分享的内容叫做浅谈银行不良率和净息差之间的关系,来自ice_招行谷子地。

很多关注银行板块的朋友或许都有这样一个疑问,商业银行的净息差如果没有覆盖不良贷款,还能持续经营下去吗?

上周金监局发布的商业银行分类监管指标中农商行的不良率超过3.34%,而净息差只有1.9%,净息差根本不够覆盖不良贷款的,但是这些农商行依然在赚钱。这是因为不良率和净息差之间的关系远比大家想象的要曲折得多,两者联系逻辑链条很长,中间涉及环节过多,所以是没有什么必要将不良率和净息差直接关联起来的,二者之间存在很多显著的不同点。

首先是不良率和净息差的时间含义不同。不良率是一个长时间累积的指标,不良率高只能说明这家银行过去在中期内的资产质量不佳,并不能说明公司今年的资产质量不行,更不能说明未来资产质量会有问题,只能说明过去的历史包袱较重。净息差是一个短期阶段数据,通常只是对应一个季度或一年,今年净息差低不代表明年净息差低。

我们举个例子:农业银行2008年刚上市的时候不良率4.32%,净息差只有3.03%,不良率大于净息差,农行倒下了么?不但没有倒下,且随着这十几年的经营消化,农行的资产质量得到了显著提升。这就是因为农行上市时的不良贷款很多是历史存量不良,虽然看着吓人,但是由于后期每年新生成不良率显著低于净息差,使得银行资产质量逐步提升。所以看吧,也许问题也可以通过拖时间来解决。

其次是不良率和净息差的作用范围不同。我们现在讨论的不良率通常是指贷款不良率,即计算分母是所有贷款余额,分子是不良贷款余额。净息差是针对所有生息资产的指标,理论上生息资产的规模要大于贷款。如果,我们有一个极端的假设,假设:某家银行的资产配置中贷款仅占总资产的10%,而其他金融投资资产占总资产的70%。在这种情况下即便是净息差远低于不良率,但是由于生息资产的规模远大于贷款规模。所以,某家银行依然可以拿到足够多的利息收入用以不良贷款的处置。

再次是关于不良率和损失率的混淆。通常我们说的不良贷款是指五级信贷分类中的后三项“次级,可疑,损失”,对应的最低减值计提比例分别为20%,50%,100%。我们要注意贷款进入不良分类中并不代表这些贷款会全部损失。通常我们在描述不良贷款的实际损失时会引入一个新的指标贷款损失率。其中不良贷款损失率主要和是否有抵押物有关。通常来讲有抵押物的不良贷款最终损失率会比较低,信用贷款损失率就会比较高,比如:根据统计有抵押的对公贷款最终损失率不足50%,银行的信用卡不良贷款最终损失率在70%左右。所以,你看到的不良率并不是银行最终需要承担的损失,贷款损失率才是银行最终需要用真金白银覆盖的。

最后一个要考虑的因素是,银行除了利息收入外还有非利息收入,特别是其中的手续费收入,基本上是不需要承担风险就可以获取的。手续费收入占比较高的银行往往具有更强的处置风险能力和更强的潜在分红能力。比如招商银行之所以从2017年开始可以比其他银行提前两年进入不良双降的状态,一个重要的原因就是招商银行从财富管理业务和信用卡业务中收取了大量的手续费。招商银行的手续费占比高于25%,再加上上市银行中数一数二的净息差,这些都是招行的底气。

通过上面的分析我们可以知道,不良率高于净息差本身不会直接导致农商行净利润下降甚至亏损。投资者更应该关注的是银行的新生成不良水平以及信用减值计提是否充足。当然,高净息差和低不良率的指标组合对我们更有吸引力。



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