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雪球·财经有深度

雪球·财经有深度

Business:Investing

2505.ROE与PB估值

2505.ROE与PB估值

2024-05-15
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欢迎收听雪球和喜马拉雅联合出品的财经有深度,雪球,国内领先的集投资交流交易一体的综合财富管理平台,聪明的投资者都在这里。今天分享的内容叫R O E与PB估值,来自泡沫艺术家。


说在最前头,此估值方法最好用于宽基,而对于一些财务面另类的个股无效。比如净资产亏成渣的周期股,周期反转后R O E会接近无限大;麦当劳那种市净率负40的也没法算。


首先,净资产主要来源于啥?


净资产的一部分来源于企业开办当初投入的资本,另一部分来源于企业在经营过程中创造的收益,这包括企业在经营活动中所获得的利润的积累。


也就是说净资产主要由企业初始投入的资本和经营过程中创造的收益所组成,也就是说每一份账面上的净资产数字曾经都是真金白银。


那么PB的估值是啥呢?


就是你想从市场上买下这些资产,所要支付的价格。


有可能是溢价,比如人家曾经投入了10个亿,可是资产盈利很好,每年能赚2个亿,那么你往往需要溢价到30-40亿人家才会卖给你,不可能平价给你。


也可能是折价,比如钢企投入了100亿建了高炉厂房,现在亏炸了,那么这些资产还要100亿的话,肯定没人要,因为有彻底变成废铜烂铁的风险。所以往往折价到50亿,甚至30亿,才有人肯冒着风险“收破烂”。


收得好就是乌鸡变凤凰,比如前些年钢企从一年亏几十亿,变成赚几十亿,股价疯涨。当然了,收不好,就是血本无归,变成了一堆可能都得花钱请人处理的“真正”的废铜烂铁,比如巴菲特当初就吃了伯克希尔纺织厂的大亏。


因此,实际上PB是啥呢?


其实就是市场对于资产盈利预期给与的溢价与折价,因此,高PB未必是风险,说明资产的质量很高。比如茅台PB就没低过。


而低PB也不意味着低风险,就跟垃圾债一样,都折价到50%,甚至30%了,还没人要自然有没人要的理由。可能真的是一堆不值钱的废铜烂铁,所以才如此做出高风险折价。


所以从这点就能看出来,PB估值最匹配的指标就是R O E,高盈利的资产适用高PB,不盈利甚至亏损的资产自然折价。


那么怎么定量分析PB与R O E的估值对应关系呢?


我个人倾向于用20年期无风险国债收益作为锚点。


这样做的理由在于股票是久期资产,大部分公司存续期也就20年左右,这个数据段更能说明长期持有资产的相对回报段。


那么问题来了,是不是说1PB买入的,其R O E跟20年期无风险国债一样为2.671%就能支撑呢?


当然是不行了。


首先,国债是100%无风险现金流收益,而股票赚到了钱,可能你却见不到钱。假设分红率为50%的话,实际上你只能得到50%的现金流收益。


其次,股票是有风险的,R O E不固定,高R O E其实除了特殊生意模式的之外,都不能长期持续。其实,看看A股长期保持R O E在20%以上的才有几家?所以必须给予风险折价。


综合上面这两点,可以得到一个模型:

股票每点PB的R O E= 20年无风险收益率 乘以2 + 1%风险折价


算出来结果为6.3%,这个数其实不需要太精确,但之所以为啥我每次进行PB估值都是用每PB对应5%至6%的R O E数据,就是这个原因。


也就是说不想跌破净资产,就要有5%至6%的R O E作为底线,一般3PB至少要有15%R O E,5PB则需要25%的R O E,而更高的PB不是高R O E能够弥补的,还需要长期高成长性的预期。


还有要说一下,为啥茅台PB一直那么高,因为成长性强,而且净利润含金量高,分红率可以极高,其实就是公式中的20年无风险收益率倍率参数要降低。


相对的,一些基建股票看着R O E不低,为啥PB那么低?因为现金流差,分红率太低,那个参数出现了更高的折价。银行其实也一样的,即使不考虑行业几乎无增长的趋势,低分红率之下,即使R O E在10%以上,也只能估值折价。


而周期股是最有迷惑性,周期股估值R O E要用长期平均R O E来衡量风险度,高位时,实际上是R O E最高,PB最高,但是,是偏离均值最高的时候。所以周期股一跌,都是杀业绩,叠加杀估值,很快就5折,甚至3折。当然本质就是PB值回归长期R O E均值。


举个宽基的例子


为什么现在做价值投资的都说美股严重高估?甚至巴老拿着快2000亿美金不知道买啥,只能买债吃息去了。


因为标普500的17.87%R O E,按照A股估值标准,3.5PB撑死了,而问题在于美债20年期高达4.729!也就是说如此超高利率下,1PB需要至少8%-9%的R O E才能支撑,这点看看美国按揭利率多少就知道了。


所以美股现在严重高估,是绝对值严重高估的流动性溢价主导。巴老为啥手握天量现金,不买股票吃息,是有原因的,凭啥那么高的无风险利率下,去买高估资产?


至于A股,上证50别看只有10.69%的R O E,远低于标普,但是PB才1.1,很低呀。实际上,从上证50的股息率高达3.83%,已经达到了债券的快1.5倍,就知道了。


最后要说的是,凡是PB估值严重不符合长期R O E的,基本上在流动性潮水的情绪过后,都是哪来的回哪去,毕竟市场不会为一个赚不到钱的资产长期支付高溢价的。

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