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雪球·财经有深度

雪球·财经有深度

Business:Investing

2017.价值投资简单但不容易

2017.价值投资简单但不容易

2023-01-13
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欢迎收听雪球和喜马拉雅联合出品的财经有深度,雪球,国内领先的集投资交流交易一体的综合财富管理平台,聪明的投资者都在这里。听众朋友们大家好,我是主播匪石-34,今天分享的内容叫价值投资简单但不容易,来自黑龙_杭州。


价值投资简单吗?我们只需要选出优秀的企业,然后跟随它,陪伴企业成长,等待企业为股东创造源源不断的现金流,从而获取利润。看上去很简单,价值投资容易吗?怎样去发现具有竞争力的企业,每年给企业做体检,怎样才能发现企业微妙的变化,是否会存在禀赋效应,忽视企业的风险点,蝼蚁之溃千里之堤,风起于青平之末,浪成于微澜之间。似乎并没有看上去表现得那么容易。


价值投资只需要学习两门课程,一门课程是如何给企业估值,另一门课程则是如何正确面对市场先生。这其中无论是哪一门课对投资者都是一个巨大的考验。投资的原理很简单,一个企业的价值等于该企业在未来整个生命周期内产生的自由现金流的折现值。这句话的原理并不难理解,我只需要在低于企业价值时买入,高于企业价值时卖出,平时呆坐不动。


我们也无需追求该企业在未来整个生命周期能够产生的自由现金流的精确数值,只用追求模糊的正确。可是难就难在巴菲特的价值投资在给企业估值的时候参杂了很多对管理层,企业文化等定性因素的考量。当一个200斤的胖子站在我们面前时,我们虽然只需要确定他是一个胖子即可,但这些定性因素无法被量化,从而增加了很多不确定性


有人会说此时就需要我们留有更大的安全边际,但往往由于对未来自由现金流的无法预测性,估值时会给予管理层以及企业文化比较大的权重。但安全边际实际上只是为我们的投资提供了一层安全垫,并非能完全避免风险。在投资的企业出现了问题之后,无论留有多大的安全边际,都避免不了亏损。10块钱的股价跌了90%,买进去再跌到0.1元你的亏损不是9%而是90%。对于一个开倒车的企业什么时候下车都是正确的,及时止损永远是最小的代价。


上世纪80年代哈佛商学院教授迈克尔波特在其著作《竞争战略》一书中提出了著名的波特五力模型,他认为,每个行业都存在决定竞争规模和竞争惨烈度的五种力量,他们分别是进入壁垒,替代品威胁,买方溢价能力,卖方议价能力,以及现存竞争者之间的竞争。但往往当我们把以上五个标准套用在实际案例中时,会发现很难找到完全匹配的标的。


资本市场每隔几年都会出现一批明星企业,他们多多少少都会存在一些瑕疵,但往往会被短期的亮丽业绩所掩盖,被照耀在聚光灯下的企业往往因为短期亮丽的业绩或者股价的上涨,会被投资人所忽视。正所谓瑕不掩瑜,正如电视里的明星,永远展现在观众面前的是无可挑剔的颜值以及完美的唱功。可是褪去光环后也只不过是普通人。


是当时那些投资人看不到风险吗?显然并不是,事后来看每个人总能找出100个理由解释他为什么会失败。现在看来那些理由都无比正确,甚至那些依靠投资它们成功的投资人自始至终都知道,因为他们花了大量的时间去研究,从财报中寻找蛛丝马迹,线下做公司调研……是他们不够优秀吗?很显然也不是,之所以在基本面恶化之前没有及时撤出,我想可能有两个原因。


一个原因是,被能力圈所束缚,每个人的精力是有限的,在一个行业或者一个企业上花费了大量的时间和精力,不愿意舍弃已有的成果,对学习一个全新的行业或企业产生畏惧感,涉足一个陌生的行业需要从零开始,会存在历史包袱。


第二个原因,可能是存在禀赋效应,人总是感性的,无法做到完全的理性客观,当断则断。不要迷恋于那些万里挑一的造富神话,要么是幸存者偏差,要么就是背后付出了巨大的努力并且还能保持绝对的理性客观。


在吉姆柯林斯的《基业长青》一书中,作者举的所有案例,那些能够基业长青的企业,现在看来也倒下了不少,那些第五级经理人所具备的品质只能增加保持基业长青的可能性,投资没有充分条件,只有必要条件,这也或许是投资的魅力所在。不要妄想找到一个万能公式能够让我们立于不败之地,所以终身阅读成为了一个优秀的投资人最大的事业,尽我所能阅读一切。



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