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雪球·财经有深度

雪球·财经有深度

Business:Investing

2368.再谈白酒周期与高端白酒投资机会

2368.再谈白酒周期与高端白酒投资机会

2023-12-30
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欢迎收听雪球和喜马拉雅联合出品的财经有深度雪球国内领先的集投资交流交易一体的综合财富管理平台,聪明的投资者都在这里。听众朋友们大家好我是主播匪石,今天分享的内容叫再谈白酒周期与高端白酒投资机会,来自DeepSleeper11。

今天分享的内容主要聚焦于以下几个问题:本轮白酒调整周期与以往有何不同?能否演变为严重的行业危机?高端白酒为什么有独特的弱周期性,是否还值得投资?

各行各业都有周期,周期即体现为收入和利润额的波动,白酒行业也不例外。白酒行业的周期按照成因可以分为三种类型:

第一种是需求锐减。改革开放以来,白酒行业真正的危机只出现过两次,分别是1998-1999年和2012-2015年。1998年-1999年亚洲金融危机期间国企全面亏损、民企经历破产倒闭潮,加之爆发了朔州假酒案,白酒行业遇冷。2012年-2015年,中央明令限制“三公”消费,又爆出塑化剂超标,这次危机中茅台和五粮液也未幸免于难,全行业出现收入利润齐降。

第二种是供给过剩。多数行业的周期来自于行业周而复始的供需矛盾变化波动,如果行业门槛低、产品同质化严重,那么景气周期的产能扩张就会带来产能过剩。白酒行业也会面临这种风险,但主要集中在中低端白酒。白酒行业长期景气、高利润的特征会驱使厂商展开扩产竞赛,加之白酒经销商在酒价上行期内盲目乐观、期望囤货获得,助推了全行业的渠道库存和社会库存增长,为后续的价格波动埋下隐患。

第三种是提价抑制。除了供需因素外,白酒行业还有独特的风险,那就是提价会放大周期效应。白酒行业有一个特点,价格是白酒品牌力的体现,白酒企业为了争夺品牌位序权而频频提价,但根据价格与需求关系的理论,商品价格的上涨必然会抑制其市场需求。如果白酒品牌力不够强、提价速度远高于受众的承受力,就有可能造成销售不畅。

中国的人情文化赋予了高端白酒独特的属性。中国的人情社会是一个以礼和孝为核心构建的社会,今天在所有人生最重大的时刻我们需要仪式感和白酒的出现,在商务、婚礼、社交等高端消费场景下茅台、五粮液、国窖1573品牌几乎是无可替代的。

长期以来,高端白酒都是以产定销,尽产尽销,即使在目前的非景气周期中,头部白酒品牌依然处于供求紧平衡状态。过去几年高端白酒频频提价,但伴随着提价,茅台、五粮液、泸州老窖高端酒的销量却一路走高。

那为什么在经历了几轮的提价之后,高端白酒依然销售无忧呢?

从需求端看,白酒消费受益于居民可支配收入的增长,高端白酒需求更是直接受益于高收入群体收入的不断攀升——这是高端白酒行业弱周期的长期逻辑。国家前20%的高收入人群人均年收入十年间增长90%,同期五粮液高端酒的出厂价累计上涨47%。这意味着高收入家庭10年前与10年后每月消费一瓶五粮液占家庭月收入的比例为由8.34%下降到了6.45%。

从供给端看,高端白酒产能有序竞争,2020年茅台、五粮液、泸州老窖高端酒合计产量约7万吨,预计2025年将达到10-11万吨,年均增长保持在8%左右的合理水平。同时,由于不同品牌产品香型、工艺有差别,品牌定位和文化内涵也有差异,使得高端白酒只在对应的价格带内进行良性竞争,极端情况下,酒企还能够通过控量保价,调节市场的实际供给量以平滑周期。所以,高端白酒行业产能过剩以及产品价格的大幅波动是比较少见的,这是高端白酒行业弱周期的另一个逻辑。

目前来看,我们承认白酒行业遇到的问题。从行业内部来看,高端白酒和次高端白酒面临一定调整压力,但仍尚处于有序竞争的阶段,截至目前没有出现上一轮调低出厂价的情形,而中低端白酒则正经历供给过剩和提价抑制叠加形成的一轮周期。过去几年,低端白酒和区域型白酒企业跟随高端和次高端酒提价并大规模扩张产能,诸多低端品牌在狭窄的低价格带内展开激烈竞争,白酒经销商在价格上行期内大量囤货,2020年后遇到新冠疫情导致的消费低迷后引发渠道库存承压、价格普遍倒挂的现状。

白酒需求的抑制主要来自于疫情后的疤痕效应。资产价格下跌导致企业和居民资产负债表受损,居民暂时性失去消费信心。国家统计局的统计显示,过去三年居民人均收入保持增长,但人均消费支出受疫情影响波动较大,整体上表现出消费收缩的迹象。解决这一问题需要时间,作为白酒厂商来说,还需要适当调降利润增长诉求,理性控货保价,等待渠道消化库存。

高端白酒也遇到了一定程度的库存和价格问题,但我们想问的是:高端白酒企业有没有能力重回增长?

答案是肯定的,本次白酒行业调整与前两轮危机有本质的区别。前两次危机均是由于严重的外部事件冲击,导致白酒消费需求锐减。以上一轮危机为例,原本高比例的政务消费场景消失后,高端白酒总需求断崖式下跌,此后商务消费用了四年的时间才补齐供需缺口。本轮调整期只是由于疤痕效应导致高端消费增长放缓,而不存在需求总量减少的情况。

从长期投资的角度来看,相较于次高端和中低端白酒,高端白酒的优势还在于其成长的高确定性。由于前述供不应求、以产定销的特征存在,基本上对高端白酒的分析可只着眼于供给端,几乎可以无视需求端的社会库存等因素干扰,也不需要像中低端白酒分析全国化进展、渠道改革、产品结构调整等,因此高端白酒业绩增长的可预测性较高。

尽管近几年宏观经济形势并非高增长阶段,但茅台、五粮液、泸州老窖的高端产品均呈现出量价齐升的趋势。长期来看高端白酒量价齐升的逻辑没有变,笔者认为白酒行业当下的困境是阶段性的去库存周期,高端白酒不存在需求锐减和供给过剩问题,短期的调整不会演变成严重的行业危机。



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