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雪球·财经有深度

雪球·财经有深度

Business:Investing

2324.如何观察需求缺口的变化

2324.如何观察需求缺口的变化

2023-11-16
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欢迎收听雪球和喜马拉雅联合出品的财经有深度雪球国内领先的集投资交流交易一体的综合财富管理平台,聪明的投资者都在这里。听众朋友们大家好我是主播匪石,今天分享的内容叫如何观察需求缺口的变化,来自肖志刚。

当下现实的经济环境是,M2持续高增长,却没能推动物价上涨,反而cpi、ppi双双告负。很可能的情况为,需求缺口的增长更快,使得新增的债务,不足以弥补需求缺口,最后运行在潜在经济增速下方。

净存款

需求缺口如果上升,意味着退出需求循环的资金增加。既然选择减少消费,反映在银行系统会出现两个现象,一是增加存款,二是减少贷款。那么,用居民存款减去居民贷款,即净存款就上升更快了。所以,用净存款数据,可以更灵敏地反映出居民参与需求循环的行为。

从净存款将近20年的历史来看,经历过两次快速上升。第一次是2008年,从11万亿快速上升到18万亿,花了5个季度。第二次是从2022年初开始,从30万亿急升到2023年9月的55万亿,花了7个季度。净存款的这种大幅攀升,最直接体现了居民退出消费的行为。

净存款历史上也出现过下降,时间是2015~2018年间,对应的是房地产的最近一轮牛市。可见,净存款的下降,对应的是需求缺口的缩小,对经济增长是有利的,反之则不利。

定期存款越多,需求缺口越大

居民退出需求循环,除了在储蓄总量上会体现出来,还储蓄结构上也会体现出相应的特征,比如存款定期化。如果居民从第一轮循环中获得的收入,决意退出第二轮循环,即推迟消费。这部分钱,在转化为储蓄的时候,会明显偏向定期储蓄,宏观上表现为存款中的定期占比的上升。

从数据统计来看,从2021年开始,定期存款的比例就突破了前期的波动区间了,持续创出新高,表现出强烈的退出供需循环的意愿。

存款定期化的趋势,同时也印证了货币流通速度下降的现实。按照,货币量*货币流通速度=物价*商品总量,一般来说,货币流通速度相对稳定,货币总量的增加会反映在物价上,或者商品总量上。如果物价和商品总量都体现不了货币的增长,那最有可能的情况则是货币流通速度下降。

总结货币流通速度下降的原因,大体有两个,一是客观上的,边际消费倾向低的居民,手上资金越来越多,这种分配结构造成的流通速度下降,下去了很难上来。二是主观上,同一个人的边际消费倾向下降了,也就是常说的信心下降,这种会造成周期性波动,下去了容易上来。

M1除以居民定期,代表消费活力

如果说定期存款增加是居民推迟消费的结果,那么M1减少,则是居民推迟消费的另一个体现在企业端的结果。因此,可以观察“M1/居民定期”的变化趋势,来跟踪居民需求的变化,以及需求缺口的变化。

M1是企业账上的活期,需求上行期,房子车子手机卖得好,企业活期自然是上升的。同时,居民的钱哗哗地花出去,包括定期存款在内的存款肯定是下降的。分子上升,分母下降,那么,M1/居民定期这个比例,自然是上升的。

反之,需求下行期,老百姓不愿意掏钱,更愿意存着,定期存款大概率会快速增加的,同时,企业收到的货款少了,体现为M1就会下降。分子下降,分母上升,这时的M1/居民定期,自然是下降的。

而且,汽车厂购买钢铁厂的钢材,不管是去造车还是造厂房,两家企业的活期合计金额是不变的,也就是企业间交易并不改变M1,更不影响居民定期。所以这个比例的波动,主要是反映居民包括买房在内的消费行为,企业投资行为的变化不直接反映在这个比例的变化上。

在需求上行与需求下行阶段,M1/居民定期,会体现得比较灵敏,波动大。这个比例上升,说明供销两旺,资金快速流向企业。这个比例下降,说明资金被冻结起来了。过去20年历史上,出现过3次低点和3次上行,都伴随着有强力的刺激措施的。



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